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The Igreja de São Roque (Church of Saint Roch) in Lisbon was the earliest Jesuit church in the Portuguese world, and one of the first Jesuit churches anywhere. It served as the Society’s home church in Portugal for over 200 years, before the Jesuits were expelled from that country. After the 1755 Lisbon earthquake, the church and its ancillary residence were given to the Santa Casa da Misericórdia de Lisboa (the Charity House of Lisbon) to replace their church and headquarters which had been destroyed. It remains a part of the Santa Casa today, one of its many heritage buildings. The Igreja de São Roque was one of the few buildings in Lisbon to survive the earthquake relatively unscathed. When built in the 16th century it was the first Jesuit church designed in the “auditorium-church” style specifically for preaching. It contains a number of chapels, most in the Baroque style of the early 17th century. The most notable chapel is the 18th-century Chapel of St. John the Baptist (Capela de São João Baptista), a project by Nicola Salvi and Luigi Vanvitelli constructed in Rome of many precious stones and disassembled, shipped and reconstructed in São Roque; at the time it was reportedly the most expensive chapel in Europe. == History == In 1505 Lisbon was being ravaged by the plague, which had arrived by ship from Italy. The king and the court were even forced to flee Lisbon for a while. The site of São Roque, outside the city walls (now an area known as the Bairro Alto), became a cemetery for plague victims. At the same time the king of Portugal, Dom Manuel I (reigned 1495–1521), sent to Venice for a relic of St. Roch, the patron saint of plague victims, whose body had been translated to that city in 1485. The relic was sent by the Venetian government, and it was carried in procession up the hill to the plague cemetery. The inhabitants of Lisbon then decided to erect a shrine〔See ''A Ermida Manuelina de São Roque'' (Lisbon: Museu de São Roque, 1999), for details of the early shrine.〕 on the site to house the relic; the shrine was begun on 24 March 1506 and dedicated on 25 February 1515.〔This is attested to by the inscription on an old memorial stone now found near the Offices of the Brotherhood of St. Roch.〕 This early shrine was oriented from west to east, in the medieval tradition. A “Plague Courtyard” for the burial of plague victims adjoined the shrine and was formally dedicated on 24 May 1527 by Bishop D. Ambrósio.〔Bodies have been found beneath the main church during archaeological excavations early in the 21st century, and beneath the Jesuit residence (now the Museu de São Roque) during its renovation in 2007.〕 At about the same time a Brotherhood (or confraternity) of St. Roch was established to oversee and take care of the shrine. Made up of people from all classes, the Brotherhood still exists today, and maintains the Chapel of St. Roch in the present church. In 1540, after the founding of the Society of Jesus in the 1530s, King John III (1521–1557) of Portugal invited them to come to Lisbon and the first Jesuits arrived in the same year. They settled first in the Hospital de Todos-os-Santos (All Saints Hospital – now destroyed) on the east side of Rossio Square and later in the College of São Antão (where the Hospital de São José is now situated). However they soon began looking for a larger, more permanent location for their main church, and selected the Shrine of St. Roch as their favored site. After prolonged negotiations John III organized the relinquishment of the shrine to the Jesuits. The agreement with the Brotherhood, however, included the creation of a chapel for St. Roch in the new building, and the retention of St. Roch as the patron saint of the new church. The Society of Jesus took possession of the shrine on 1 October 1553 in a ceremony at which Fr. Francisco de Borja, SJ (St. Francis Borgia, 1510–72) preached the sermon. The small shrine was inadequate for the Jesuits and planning began immediately for a new church building. The king wanted a new monumental building with three naves but the Society favored a plan more in keeping with the principles enunciated by the Council of Trent, emphasizing simplicity and functionality. The first stone was laid in 1555, but the building was redesigned and expanded (its present version) in 1565. The royal architect, Alfonso Álvares (1557–1575), appears to have supervised the work from 1566 to 1575, up to the level of the interior cornice. The work was carried on afterwards by his nephew, Baltasar Álvares (fl. 1570-1624), also royal architect. The building was completed by Filipe Térzi (Filippo Terzi, 1520–97), royal architect to King Philip II of Spain (= Philip I of Portugal, 1580–1598); Térzi made modifications to the exterior façade, the ceiling and roof, and the interior finishings.〔For the history of the development of the church, see Maria João Madeira Rodrigues, ''A Igreja de São Roque'' (Lisbon, 1980).〕 While the earlier shrine had been oriented from west to east in the medieval tradition, the new church was oriented south to north, across the older building. The plan of church is simple and spacious – a wide single nave, a shallow squared apse, virtually no transept, and raised pulpits between recessed galleries over side chapels. This style, the “auditorium-church” ideal for preaching,〔The Jesuits did not want the main chapel in their churches to be visually restricted. They wanted the main altar as well as the pulpits to be clearly seen from all parts of the church. For the importance of Sào Roque’s design, and its influence on other Portuguese churches around the world, see George Kubler, ''Portuguese Plain Architecture: Between Spices and Diamonds, 1521-1706'' (Middletown, Ct., 1972).〕 became popularly known as the “Jesuit style” and was widely copied by the order throughout Portugal and in the Portuguese colonial towns in Brazil and the Far East. The simple and sober exterior of the church, characteristic of the Portuguese “plain style” (''estilo chão'') contrasts with the highly decorated Baroque interior with its glazed tiles, gilt woodwork, multi-colored statues and oil paintings. In 1759 the Jesuits – implicated in a revolt of the nobility against King José I and his prime minister, the Marquês de Pombal (1699–1782) – were expelled from Portuguese territory by Pombal and the Igreja de São Roque was confiscated along with the attached buildings and residences. Nine years later, by a Royal Charter dated 8 February 1768, the property was given to the Santa Casa da Misericórdia, whose original church and administrative buildings were destroyed by the 1755 earthquake.〔The Santa Casa da Misericórdia was created in 1498 by Queen Leonor (1458-1525), widow of King John II (reigned 1481-1495) and sister of the then king, Manuel I (1495-1521) as a confraternity (Irmandade da Misericórda) with humanitarian purposes, especially the care of the poor, the sick, and of abandoned children. The original Santa Casa da Misericórdia was a dependency of the Igreja da Conceição-Velha to the east of the Praça do Comércio (Terreiro do Paço) After the earthquake of 1755 only the south façade was left standing; it was incorporated into the rebuilt Igreja da Conceição-Velha (Rua da Alfândega). See also Damião de Góis, ''Lisbon in the Renaissance'', a new translation of the ''Urbis Olisiponis Descriptio'' by Jeffrey S. Ruth (New York: Italica Press, 1996).〕 The Santa Casa da Misericórdia still owns and operates the site today. The church continues to function, and part of the Jesuit residence was turned into a museum (the Museu de São Roque) late in the 19th century. Other parts of the complex, and later buildings erected adjacent to it still function as the Santa Casa’s headquarters for the city. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Igreja de São Roque」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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